{"id":20,"date":"2019-01-20T11:55:21","date_gmt":"2019-01-20T11:55:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/?page_id=20"},"modified":"2019-02-04T04:50:44","modified_gmt":"2019-02-04T04:50:44","slug":"smart-card","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/smart-card\/","title":{"rendered":"Smart Card"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Smart cards are defined according to 1). How the card data is read \nand written 2). The type of chip implanted within the card and its \ncapabilities. There is a wide range of options to choose from when \ndesigning your system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.smartcardbasics.com\/smart_card_images\/types-of-smart-cards.gif\" alt=\"Types of smart cards\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"card-construction\">Card Construction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mostly all chip cards are built from layers of \ndiffering materials, or substrates, that when brought together properly \ngives the card a specific life and functionality. The typical card today\n is made from PVC, Polyester or Polycarbonate. The card layers are \nprinted first and then laminated in a large press. The next step in \nconstruction is the blanking or die cutting. This is followed by \nembedding a chip and then adding data to the card. In all, there may be \nup to 30 steps in constructing a card. The total components, including \nsoftware and plastics, may be as many as 12 separate items; all this in a\n unified package that appears to the user as a simple device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.smartcardbasics.com\/smart_card_images\/smart-card-construction.jpg\" alt=\"A break down of the layers of a smart card\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"contact-cards\">Contact Cards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the most common type of smart card. \nElectrical contacts located on the outside of the card connect to a card\n reader when the card is inserted. This connector is bonded to the \nencapsulated chip in the card.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.smartcardbasics.com\/smart_card_images\/smart-card-module.gif\" alt=\"Smart card module\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Increased levels of processing power, flexibility and\n memory will add cost. Single function cards are usually the most \ncost-effective solution. Choose the right type of smart card for your \napplication by determining your required level of security and \nevaluating cost versus functionality in relation to the cost of the \nother hardware elements found in a typical workflow. All of these \nvariables should be weighted against the expected lifecycle of the card.\n On average the cards typically comprise only 10 to 15 percent of the \ntotal system cost with the infrastructure, issuance, software, readers, \ntraining and advertising making up the other 85 percent. The following \nchart demonstrates some general rules of thumb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Card Function Trade-Offs<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.smartcardbasics.com\/smart_card_images\/smart-card-functionality.gif\" alt=\"Smart card functionality\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"memory-cards\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardlogix.com\/products\/cards\/smart\/memory.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Memory Cards<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Memory cards cannot manage files and have no  processing power for data management. All memory cards communicate to  readers through synchronous protocols. In all memory cards you read and  write to a fixed address on the card. There are three primary types of  memory cards: <em>Straight<\/em>, <em>Protected<\/em>, and <em>Stored Value<\/em>.  Before designing in these cards into a proposed system the issuer  should check to see if the readers and\/or terminals support the  communication protocols of the chip. Most contactless cards are variants  on the protected memory\/segmented memory card idiom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_ninBTtA48o\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"straight-memory-cards\">Straight Memory Cards<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards just store data and have no data \nprocessing capabilities. Often made with I2C or serial flash \nsemiconductors, these cards were traditionally the lowest cost per bit \nfor user memory. This has now changed with the larger quantities of \nprocessors being built for the GSM market. This has dramatically cut \ninto the advantage of these types of devices. They should be regarded as\n floppy disks of varying sizes without the lock mechanism. These cards \ncannot identify themselves to the reader, so your host system has to \nknow what type of card is being inserted into a reader. These cards are \neasily duplicated and cannot be tracked by on-card identifiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"protected-memory-cards\">Protected \/ Segmented Memory Cards<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards have built-in logic to control the \naccess to the memory of the card. Sometimes referred to as Intelligent \nMemory cards, these devices can be set to write- protect some or the \nentire memory array. Some of these cards can be configured to restrict \naccess to both reading and writing. This is usually done through a \npassword or system key. Segmented memory cards can be divided into \nlogical sections for planned multi-functionality. These cards are not \neasily duplicated but can possibly be impersonated by hackers. They \ntypically can be tracked by an on-card identifier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"stored-value-memory-cards\">Stored Value Memory Cards<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards are designed for the specific purpose\n of storing value or tokens. The cards are either disposable or \nrechargeable. Most cards of this type incorporate permanent security \nmeasures at the point of manufacture. These measures can include \npassword keys and logic that are hard-coded into the chip by the \nmanufacturer. The memory arrays on these devices are set-up as \ndecrements or counters. There is little or no memory left for any other \nfunction. For simple applications such as a telephone card, the chip has\n 60 or 12 memory cells, one for each telephone unit. A memory cell is \ncleared each time a telephone unit is used. Once all the memory units \nare used, the card becomes useless and is thrown away. This process can \nbe reversed in the case of rechargeable cards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"microprocessor-cards\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardlogix.com\/products\/cards\/smart\/microprocessor.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CPU\/MPU Microprocessor Multifunction Cards<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards have on-card dynamic data processing \ncapabilities. Multifunction smart cards allocate card memory into \nindependent sections or files assigned to a specific function or \napplication. Within the card is a microprocessor or microcontroller chip\n that manages this memory allocation and file access. This type of chip \nis similar to those found inside all personal computers and when \nimplanted in a smart card, manages data in organized file structures, \nvia a card operating system (COS). Unlike other operating systems, this \nsoftware controls access to the on-card user memory. This capability \npermits different and multiple functions and\/or different applications \nto reside on the card, allowing businesses to issue and maintain a \ndiversity of \u2018products\u2019 through the card. One example of this is a debit\n card that also enables building access on a college campus. \nMultifunction cards benefit issuers by enabling them to market their \nproducts and services via state-of-the-art transaction and encryption \ntechnology. Specifically, the technology enables secure identification \nof users and permits information updates without replacement of the \ninstalled base of cards, simplifying program changes and reducing costs.\n For the card user, multifunction means greater convenience and \nsecurity, and ultimately, consolidation of multiple cards down to a \nselect few that serve many purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many configurations of chips in this \ncategory, including chips that support cryptographic Public Key \nInfrastructure (PKI) functions with on-board math co-processors or <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardlogix.com\/products\/cards\/smart\/scfamilies\/credentsys.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">JavaCard<sup>\u00ae<\/sup><\/a> with virtual machine hardware blocks. As a rule of thumb &#8211; the more functions, the higher the cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"contactless-cards\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardlogix.com\/products\/cards\/smart\/contactless.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Contactless Cards<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These are smart cards that employ a radio frequency \n(RFID) between card and reader without physical insertion of the card. \nInstead, the card is passed along the exterior of the reader and read. \nTypes include proximity cards which are implemented as a read-only \ntechnology for building access. These cards function with a very limited\n memory and communicate at 125 MHz. Another type of limited card is the \nGen 2 UHF Card that operates at 860 MHz  to 960 MHz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>True read and write contactless cards were first used in \ntransportation applications for quick decrementing and reloading of fare\n values where their lower security was not an issue. They communicate at\n 13.56 MHz and conform to the ISO 14443 standard. These cards are often \nprotected memory types. They are also gaining popularity in retail \nstored value since they can speed up transactions without lowering \ntransaction processing revenues (i.e. Visa and MasterCard), unlike \ntraditional smart cards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Variations of the ISO14443 specification include A, \nB, and C, which specify chips from either specific or various \nmanufacturers. A=NXP-(Philips) B=Everybody else and C=Sony only chips. \nContactless card drawbacks include the limits of cryptographic functions\n and user memory, versus microprocessor cards and the limited distance \nbetween card and reader required for operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"combination-cards\">Multi-mode Communication Cards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards have multiple methods of communications, \nincluding ISO7816, ISO14443 and UHF gen 2. How the card is made \ndetermines if it is a Hybrid or dual interface card.  The term can also \ninclude cards that have a magnetic-stripe and or bar-code as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hybrid-cards\">Hybrid Cards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hybrid cards have multiple chips in the same card. \nThese are typically attached to each interface separately, such as a \nMIFARE chip and antenna with a contact 7816 chip in the same card.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dual-interface-cards\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardlogix.com\/products\/cards\/smart\/dualinterface.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dual Interface Card<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These cards have one chip controlling the \ncommunication interfaces. The chip may be attached to the embedded \nantenna through a hard connection, inductive method or with a flexible \nbump mechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"multi-component-cards\">Multi-component Cards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These types of cards are for a specific market \nsolution. For example, there are cards where the fingerprint sensor is \nbuilt on the card. Or one company has built a card that generates a \none-time password and displays the data for use with an online banking \napplication. Vault cards have rewriteable magnetic stripes. Each of \nthese technologies is specific to a particular vendor and is typically \npatented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"form-factors\">Smart Card Form Factors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The expected shape for cards is often referred to as \nCR80. Banking and ID cards are governed by the ISO 7810 specification. \nBut this shape is not the only form factor that cards are deployed in. \nSpecialty shaped cutouts of cards with modules and\/or antennas are being\n used around the world. The most common shapes are SIM. SD and MicroSD \ncards can now be deployed with the strength of smart card chips. USB \nflash drive tokens are also available that leverage the same technology \nof a card in a different form factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"operating-systems\">Integrated Circuits and Card Operating Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The two primary types of smart card operating systems are (1) <em>fixed file structure<\/em> and (2) <em>dynamic application system<\/em>.\n As with all smartcard types, the selection of a card operating system \ndepends on the application that the card is intended for. The other \ndefining difference lies in the encryption capabilities of the operating\n system and the chip. The types of encryption are <em>Symmetric Key<\/em> and <em>Asymmetric Key (Public Key)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The chip selection for these functions is vast and \nsupported by many semiconductor manufacturers. What separates a smart \ncard chip from other microcontrollers is often referred to as trusted \nsilicon. The device itself is designed to securely store data \nwithstanding outside electrical tampering or hacking. These additional \nsecurity features include a long list of mechanisms such as no test \npoints, special protection metal masks and irregular layouts of the \nsilicon gate structures. The trusted silicon semiconductor vendor list \nbelow is current for 2010:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.atmel.com\">Atmel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.emsystem.com\/\">EM Systems<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.infineon.com\/cms\/en\/product\/applications\/chip-card-and-security\/index.html\">Infineon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.microchip.com\/\">Microchip<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nxp.com\/\">NXP<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/am.renesas.com\/\">Renesas Electronics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.samsung.com\/global\/business\/semiconductor\/products\/microcontrollers\/Products_Microcontrollers.html\">Samsung<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/americas.sharpmicro.com\/Page.aspx\/americas\/en\/4b75c4dc-92d0-44cd-a08c-86eafbfa7b43\">Sharp<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sony.net\/Products\/SC-HP\/index.html\">Sony<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.st.com\/stonline\/domains\/applications\/security\/index.htm\">ST Microelectronics<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of the features that users have come to expect, \nsuch as specific encryption algorithms, have been incorporated into the \nhardware and software libraries of the chip architectures. This can \noften result in a card manufacturer not future-proofing their design by \nhaving their card operating systems only ported to a specific device. \nCare should be taken in choosing the card vendor that can support your \nproject over time as card operating system-only vendors come in and out \nof the market. The tools and middleware that support card operating \nsystems are as important as the chip itself. The tools to implement your\n project should be easy to use and give you the power to deploy your \nproject rapidly. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Please see the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.smartcardbasics.com\/smart-card-security.html\">security section<\/a> on this website for more information regarding PKI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fixed File Structure Card Operating System<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>This type treats the card as a secure computing \nand storage device. Files and permissions are set in advance by the \nissuer. These specific parameters are ideal and economical for a fixed \ntype of card structure and functions that will not change in the near \nfuture. Many secure stored value and healthcare applications are \nutilizing this type of card. An example of this kind of card is a \nlow-cost employee multi-function badge or credential. Contrary to some \nbiased articles, these style cards can be used very effectively with a \nstored biometric component and reader. Globally, these types of \nmicroprocessor cards are the most common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dynamic Application Card Operating System<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>This type of operating system, which includes the\n JavaCard\u00ae and proprietary MULTOS card varieties, enables developers to \nbuild, test, and deploy different on card applications securely. Because\n the card operating systems and applications are more separate, updates \ncan be made. An example card is a SIM card for mobile GSM where updates \nand security are downloaded to the phone and dynamically changed. This \ntype of card deployment assumes that the applications in the field will \nchange in a very short time frame, thus necessitating the need for \ndynamic expansion of the card as a computing platform. The costs to \nchange applications in the field are high, due to the ecosystem \nrequirements of security for key exchange with each credential. This is a\n variable that should be scrutinized carefully in the card system design\n phase.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Smart cards are defined according to 1). How the card data is read and written 2). The type of chip implanted within the card and its capabilities. There is a wide range of options to choose from when designing your system. Card Construction Mostly all chip cards are built from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":459,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":386,"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions\/386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dns-iran.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}